Tribal, Non-Tribal, and Peasant Movements:
- Santhal Rebellion (1855)
- First uprising of peasants, known as Santhal Rebellion, occurred during 1855-56.
- Santhal people in Bihar faced exploitation by landlords and money-lenders, leading to armed resistance.
- Around 10,000 Santals, led by Siddhu and Kanhu, rebelled to establish their own government.
- Rebellion lasted until February 1856, when leaders were captured and movement suppressed.
- Government declared their region as Santhal Parganas for protection of their lands and identity.
- Indigo Revolt (1859-60)
- Started in Bengal in 1777, indigo cultivation exploited tenant farmers.
- Farmers forced to grow indigo at disadvantageous terms for European planters.
- Led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Charan Biswas, ryots in Nadia district revolted in 1859.
- Factories burnt, revolt spread to other parts of Bengal.
- Government formed Indigo Commission in 1860 to address the situation.
- Deccan Riots (1875)
- Peasant revolt in Poona district known as Deccan Riots in 1875.
- Peasants revolted against oppressive local moneylenders who grabbed their lands.
- Revolt began in Supa village, spread to 33 villages, and turned violent against Sahukars and police.
- Army was called to suppress the revolt, resulting in Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to address grievances.
- Moplah Rebellion (1921)
- Mappilas, Muslim tenants in Malabar region, revolted against state and Hindu landlords.
- Rebellion started with attacks on police stations, turned communal with attacks on landlords.
- Became violent and resulted in Hindu-Muslim conflict.
- Kol Rebellion (1832)
- Kols of Chotanagpur revolted in 1831 against land transfer to outsiders.
- Led by Buddho Bhagat, Kol rebels killed many outsiders.
- Bhil Uprising
- Bhils in Maharashtra and Gujarat revolted against British rule as outsiders.
- Revolt lasted for about 30 years.
- Jaintia and Garo Rebellion
- Jaintias and Garos opposed British construction of strategic road in Meghalaya.
- Rebellion was suppressed by the British.
- Rampa Rebellion
- Rampa rebellion against government-supported Zamindars and forest regulations.
- Authorities launched military campaigns against rebels.
- Munda Rebellion
- Munda tribe rebelled against British exploitation of their land.
- Led by Birsa Munda, focused on preserving sacred groves.
- Bastar Rebellion
- Tribes in Chhattisgarh revolted against forest laws and feudal system.
- Rebellion was quelled by British in 1910.
- Tana Bahagat Movement
- Movement began as religious and evolved into political under Indian National Congress.
- British authorities responded harshly to the rebellion, similar to other movements.